a rhombohedral (Libby and Fishburn 1977; Kahneman and Tversky 1979). People (including CEOs) are more sensitive to frugal losses relative to economic gains. Therefore, because variance is a symmetric chanceiness measure, it might obscure the fortune of holding blondness for lay on the line-averse CEOs. Our study overcomes this issue by including a number of downside risk proxies. Consistent with the notion that CEOs are averse to potential losses, we reckon that CEO incentives are decreasing in downside risk. Given that options lay out CEOs downside mental picture; we also expect that the negative effect of downside risk on CEO wealth will be lessened by option-based incentives.
The second reason that variance is an incomplete risk proxy for CEOs, is that it comprises grocery risk (beta) and idiosyncratic risk. Market risk is unavoidable unless portfolio selection allows an investor to control the level of trade risk. All investors are exposed to idiosyncratic risk but portfolio theory informs us that idiosyncratic risk is diversifiable. Unlike some other investors, CEOs may be unable to completely diversify their exposure to their firms idiosyncratic risk because of personal wealth constraints and the excessive apostrophize (and routine prohibition) of short-selling. A number of studies (e.g.
, Jin 2002 and Garvey and Milbourn 2003) disaggregate firm risk and uprise that CEO incentives are related to idiosyncratic risk but largely unrelated to beta. This latter result may owe to the fact that these studies are silent on the potential noninterchangeable effect of upside versus downside beta (Bawa and Lindenberg 1977; Estrada 2003). Thus, we extend this stream of search by disaggregating beta into upside and downside betas to further refine market risk. Consistent with the notion of CEO loss aversion, we expect twain stock- and option-based incentives are increasing in upside beta and that stock-based incentives only if are decreasing in downside beta.
We use OLS regressions to test the congener between CEO incentives...If you want to get a estimable essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com
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