Karl Kautsky & Benito Mussolini

Kautsky fell into the margins of international socialism beca practice nationalist interests in World War I sunder socialists into factions and because of the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, of which he was singular because of his personal dislike of Lenin and because Lenin inst alled himself as dictator (Morgan, 1989). Kautsky retreated from the loss revolutionary stance, specifically refusing to join the United German communistic Party, which supported Bolshevism's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Marcuse classifies Kautsky as a revisionist bolshie not only for that reason solely also because of the cogitate view he developed that "social laws are 'natural' laws that warrant the inevitable development toward socialism. . . . The critical Marxist theory the revisionists therefore tested by the standards of positivist sociology and transformed into natural recognition" (Marcuse, 1969, p. 400). Kautsky appears to have been disappointed not only by what he ultimately regarded as the excesses of Bolshevism, and in particular the dictatorship of Lenin (Donald, 1993), but also by the dramatic turn to the right in Austria and Germany after the collapse of the Weimar Republic. In 1938, at the time of the German-Austrian Anschluss, Kautsky remaining Vienna for Holland, where he died that same year.

Mussolini is far better know as Il Duce, the fascist dictator who came to power in Italy in 1922, than as an ideological theorist. But

Carnoy, M. (1984). The State and Political Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Marx, K. (1906). Capital. Trans. S. Moore, E. Aveling, & E. Untermann. 3 vols. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Co.

The insanity of bray and capital, which is control of labor by capital, leads to the logical proof of revolutionary implies the contradiction doctrine: "Division of labour..... implies the contradiction in the midst of the interest of the separate individual family and the communal interest of all individuals who have intercourse with one another (Marx, 1978, p. 160). The struggle is bouncing up with oppression.

If the ruling class controls the working class, and if the working class is in permanent struggle, then the society is always changing, sorrowful toward revolution, which is the outcome of the struggle. Ineluctably, revolution implies a progressive quashing of class warfare, which in turn perforce implies the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat all over the bourgeoisie and aristocracy alike.

Visser, R. (1992, January). Fascist doctrine and the cult of the Romanita. daybook of Contemporary History, 27, 5-23. Wiskemann, E. (1969). Fascism in Italy: its development and influence. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Marxism takes the view that labor is a subsidiary function of capital, and the social relations of mathematical product determine value commuting. Actual labor, or use or exchange value, is essential to the production of capital, as well as to the basic livelihood of the worker. But labor will never be a simple expression of value exchange in the capitalist system. The psychology and power of class relationships call for the determination of labor's value, and capital makes the determination. Capitalism is therefore exploitative, and an appeal for its decease becomes apparent once he explains his position that labor has a dual character in actual exchange/use value and surplus value.

Harper Collins Publishers Inc. 288-97.

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