Taking a Look at Personality Disorders - 683 Words

A personality disorder is a type of noetic disorder in which you have a rigid and harmful pattern of cerebrating, functioning and deporting. A person with a personality disorder has trouble seeing and relating to situations and to people. This causes major fixes and shyness in relationships, convivial encounters, work and school. Personality disorders are deeply ingrained ways of cerebrating and comporting that are inflexible and generally lead to reduced relationships with others. Mental health professionals formally worry ten disorders that fall into three clusters, albeit there is now kenned to be much overlap between the disorders, each of which subsists on a spectrum. In some cases, you may not realize that you have a personality disorder because your way of cerebrating and transporting seems natural to you. You may blame others for the challenges you face. Personality disorders customarily commence in the teenage years or early adulthood. There are many types of personality disorders. Some types may become less conspicuous throughout middle age. One example of it is: Paranoid personality disorder †¢ Pervasive distrust and suspicion of others and their motives †¢ Unjustified belief that others are trying to harm or deceive you †¢ Unjustified suspicion of the loyalty or trustworthiness of others †¢ Hesitant to confide in others due to unreasonable fear that others will use the information against you †¢ Perception of innocent remarks or nonthreatening situations as personalShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder1420 Words   |  6 PagesPredisposing factors: Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that is characterized by a persons impulsive and/ reckless behavior, poor self-image, self-injury, emotional fluctuations, unstable relationships. There are links that suggest it could be caused by genetic and environmental factors, but it is still being studied. A person that is part of a community or culture with unstable upbringing can increase the risk for this disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014). A childhoodRead More Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder947 Words   |  4 PagesWalking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) live a difficult existence. These are people for whom maintaining normal interpersonal relationships, controlling anger, suffer from extreme self-doubt and drastic mood swings, among other symptoms. They comprise only 2% of the population, but have a disorder which the psychiatric and scientific communities have trouble acknowledging, and great difficulty treatingRead MoreNarcissistic Personality Disorder : Understanding Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatment1178 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: UNDERSTANDING NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER ETIOLOGY Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Griffin Hedger College Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder To those who have a narcissistic personality disorder, they may come across as arrogant, egotisticalRead MoreThe Personality Disorder ( Ocd )1578 Words   |  7 PagesWith A Personality Disorder Personality is the characteristics and traits of a person that makes them unique. Disorders, such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD), can alter that person’s personality and behaviors and stun them from being able to mature, communicate and interact with society properly, and can interfere with their daily life routines. There are nine different known personality disorders. (Borderline Emotionally). Many personality disordersRead MoreSamantha Garland Disorder of Interest Paper 1359 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Disorder of Interest Paper Psy/275 Samantha Garland 01/26/2015 Jacqueline Gat/wood Antisocial Personality Disorder Every person is commonly known for their unique personality, and the traits each of us have that are different than others. One thing many people suffer from is some Personality Disorder such as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a disorder that is going against and violating other peoples rights (Corner, 2014). Individuals with this disorderRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Borderline )1749 Words   |  7 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder Could you picture yourself being brought face to face with an individual who has a personality similar to a mine field? In other words where or when he/she will explode is never known. This type of personality disorder is called borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of the most scariest and hidden disorders that have baffled our society as well as many health professionals for many years. The DSM IV defines borderline personality disorderRead MoreThe Difference Between Confidence And Narcissistic Personality Disorder1448 Words   |  6 Pagesfiguring out the difference between confidence and narcissistic personality disorder. Society likes to assume that if a person is confident in who they are, it should produce a well rounded person, but when does too much confidence become a problem? According to Dictionary.com, confidence is the belief in one’s abilities, power, and self; on the other hand, narcissistic personality disorder, also known as NPD, is a psychological disorder in which a person has an unrealistic sense of superiority, needsRead MoreTheme Of Personality Disorder In The Movie Mommie Dearest1177 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological personality disorders are extremely common in our society today. Personality disorders can be defined as patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and may distress the affected individual. A great dea l of these disorders go unnoticed, and/or undiagnosed. One way to learn how to identify these disorders is through movie analysis. For example, the film â€Å"Mommie Dearest†, directed by Frank Perry, is a story about Joan Crawford and her struggles with personality disorders. JoanRead MoreAssessment and Care of a Client with Borderline Personality Disorder819 Words   |  3 PagesMental Health Nursing Objective The objective of this study is to describe the assessment and care of a client with borderline personality disorder. This work will additionally demonstrate the complexity of the problems and needs of this client and how this impacts on their illness and service providers. Additionally this work will describe the clients particular mental health problems, discuss possible causative factors and describe how the person was assessed and what interventions were usedRead MorePersonality Paper1187 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality Theory Paper Jennifer Campos PSYCH/504 January 14, 2013 Dr. Tracy Masiello Personality Theory Paper John Nash was a very interesting man. Many may just know of him because of the movie, â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†. Taking a look at John Nash and his personality and how psychologists, such as Jung and Freud would see John Nash through their diagnoses. Also taking a look at how different theories would go up against John Nash and his everyday life. The different theories that will be looked

`` Like Water For Chocolate And The Bluest Eye ``

Laura Esquivel and Toni Morrison portray the limitations that are placed on young women as a result of expectations of the female’s role of what it is to be a woman of a particular race in family or society, through their enthralling novels, Like Water for Chocolate and The Bluest Eye. The role of being a woman is heavily suppressed upon females in our society and this concept is analysed in different notions of two very different women with different personal worlds and self values. The idea of familial and societal barriers is illustrated through the subjugation of women, the limitation of female identity, and the notion of female writing, through Esquivel and Morrison’s analogous values in their protagonists, Tita and Pecola. Like Water for Chocolate belongs to the genre of magical realism, a literary style first developed 1949, commonly recognised in Latin-American literature and was proposed as a natural outcome of postcolonial writing. (Britannica, n.d.) In terms of Mexico, Esquivel describes the country’s cultural myths and historical context to uphold the values and standards of gender throughout the Mexican Revolution. The building standard and subjugation of gender construct has widely evolved throughout centuries, and has touched upon the personal obstacles Tita and Pecola face in their own racial, familial and feministic manner. As portrayed in ‘Like Water for Chocolate’, tradition in Mexico, outline that Tita is forbidden to marry because of her placement inShow MoreRelatedFeeling Home : The Bluest Eye1010 Words   |  5 PagesThis thesis falls in four chapters with an introduction and a conclusion. The first chapter, feeling home: the kitchen as a self- empowering space in The Bluest Eye, explores the kitchen as a mimic of homeland for black Americans. It investigates the role of food as a way to keep the culture alive. Rafa Zafar argues thatâ€Å" remembering, writing about, and passing on recipes keep African American cultural traditions and personal stories alive†(Bower, 6). During the 1950s, after the losses that AfricanRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 PagesWinch, Tara June, Swallow the Air Gaita, Raimond, Romulus, My Father Miller, Arthur, The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of Emily Dicksinson Herrick, Steven, The Simple Gift Baillie, Alan, The China Coin Russell, Willy, Educating Rita Cleven,Vivienne et al (eds), Contemporary Indigenous PlaysRead MoreShort Story : Chapter Story11785 Words   |  48 Pagesalways host a grand party, Cousin. It will be better than mulling around here hour after hour, worrying over Thomas. Please come along, Allie,† he begged. â€Å"It’ll be fun! In addition, if you’re still here come May, you can escort me to the ball- just like a real date. And just think of all the you ng men in uniform- they’ll be so handsome!† â€Å"Are you forgetting that I am a married woman- I don’t care for handsome young men, in uniforms or out.† Eli chuckled and said, â€Å"Well, I do, dear Cousin. And, I

Evidence Based Nursing Research for Transitional Patient & Family

Question: Discuss about theEvidence Based Nursing Research for Transitional Patient Family. Answer: Introduction: Levett-Jones clinical reasoning is crucial in nursing field because it can be useful in identifying and prioritising nursing care issues. Levett-Jones clinical reasoning consist of different steps like considering patient, collecting information, processing information and identifying problems for prioritising nursing care. Millers Functional Consequences Theory is implemented in identifying these cares prioritise. Establishing goals, taking action, evaluating outcomes and reflecting on the case are the remaining steps in the Levett-Jones clinical reasoning which cab be useful in planning care and evaluating outcomes of the provided care. In this paper, case of the Amalie is discussed. Information related to Amalie is collected and processed based on the steps of Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle and nursing care prioritise are established. Suitable intervention plan implemented according to the identified nursing prioritise (Hunter, 2016; Levett-Jones, 2013). Cultural background and dignity of the Amalie are considered throughout the process of care. Consider the patient: Mrs Amalie Jones is 89 years old woman. She is staying alone in a single-story home because Henry, her husband passed away two years ago. Her son, Dominik is living in Germany and visits her on few occasions. Tracy, her daughter living in Australia and visits her frequently. Few of the family members of Henry live in Australia and meet her on regular basis. She was teacher by profession and also worked as fundraising activist for local Catholic Church. In last two years she was not participating in any activities because her health gets deteriorated. Macular degeneration, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are her prominent health issues. Her diet gets reduced and she is losing weight. Collect information: Due to rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, she is exhibiting mobility problem. Hence, she stopped visiting her friends and members of German association. Her doctor mentioned that she is losing weight because she is not eating properly. After completion of assessment, GP stated symptoms like joint stiffness, swollen feet and enlarged joints, painful joints like knee, hip, figures and back and limited joint movement. Other than this, she is also exhibiting symptoms like constipation, occasional dizziness, vision deficit, non-significant weight loss and occasional non-adherence to medication consumption due to pain. She is being administered medicines like paracetamol, ibuprofen, thyroxine and hydroxychloroquine. Process information: Her symptoms like stiffness, swelling and pain in joints reflects her arthritic condition. Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis are the chronic conditions related to older age. As compared to the rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is more degenerative in nature. In rheumatoid arthritis, there is occurrence of inflammation and autoimmunity is also one of the prominent causes of it. Osteoarthritis mainly occurs due to wear and tear of joints (Kourilovitch, Galarza-MaldonadoC and Ortiz-Prado, 2014). Degradation and loss of articular cartilage are mainly responsible for wear and tear in osteoarthritis patients. In rheumatoid arthritis, multiple joints get involved while in osteoarthritis joints like hands, fingers or knees get involved (Kung and Bykerk, 2014). As a result of occurrence of both the types of arthritis, Amalies all the joints get affected. Age also play important role in the occurrence of osteoarthritis because osteophytes are more common in older people. However, radiographic a ssessment cannot correlate osteophytes and severity of pain. Moreover, anatomical alterations in joints due age and degeneration of musculoskeletal system are responsible for the occurrence of osteoarthritis in Amalie (Abhishek and Doherty, 2013). As she is consuming less food, she is exhibiting constipation and occasional dizziness. Less consumption of food in Amalie might be due to rheumatoid arthritis because in patients with rheumatoid arthritis loss of appetite increases with the progression of disease. Macular degeneration in older people can lead to vision loss. Damage to the macula of retina can produce blurred or no vision. Macular degeneration can be of two types like dry and wet. Amalie developed dry macular degeneration which exists in approximately 90 % of the cases. (Mehta, 2015). She is having her medications regularly, however as a result of consistent pain, she become non-adherent to the medicine consumption. Identifying issues: Painful swelling occurs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis due to inflammation of the lining of joints. Bone erosion and joint deformity can occur due to inflammation of the lining of the joints. Wear and tear of the joints in osteoarthritis patients lead to pain. Amalie need to perform activities like pushing, pulling and twisting. During performing these activities, Amalie might feel pain. Repetitive stress on the joints during these activities can worsen joint pain and joint deformity. Pain can lead to loss of appetite, less consumption of food and fatigue in Amalie (Sarzi-Puttini et al., 2014). Pain is also responsible for the non-adherence to consumption of medication in Amalie. Stiffness of joints, inflammation of joints, pain in joints and degenerative joint disease can lead to impaired physical mobility in Amalie. Hence, both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are responsible for impaired mobility in Amalie. Body cannot be moved purposefully and unable to perform acti vities due to impaired physical mobility (Shin, Julian and Katz, 2013). Macular degeneration, age related ocular changes and rheumatoid arthritis are mainly responsible for the vision loss in Amalie. Moreover, dryness of eye can occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Lim et al., 2012). After collecting information, analysing it and processing the information nursing prioritise like, pain, impaired physical mobility and vision loss are selected for Amalie. Establish goals: Goals for pain: Amalie will exhibit improvement in the pain scale from 4 to 2 in two-month period. Amalie will exhibit improvement in mood and coping ability due to pain in two-month period. Goals set for impaired mobility are: Amalie will perform activities of daily living like bathing, clothing and cooking independently like other same age people in two-month period. Amalie will be able to acquire skills to use adaptive and supporting devices for walking and climbing the stairs within two-month period. Amalie will use protective devices for getting protection from the fall in two-month period. Goals for impaired vision: Amalie will be free of risk of fall due to impaired vision in two months period. Amalie will use call light and express requirement for help in two weeks period (Gulanick and Myers, 2016). Take action: Asses degree and severity of pain in Amalie, hence effective care plan can be prepared for Amalie. Provide both medical and occupational therapy for Amalie to reduce severity of the pain. Pain scale need to be used because these are the robust sources for distinguishing severity of pain. Assess Amalies physical and psychological response to pain and implement appropriate intervention for pain. It is evident that there can be emotional disturbance and mood alterations in patients with pain. Provide counselling through psychologist for the management of emotional disturbance and coping with the mood alterations (Walsh and McWilliams, 2014; Durham et al., 2015). Self-respect and dignity of Amalie can be improved by providing counselling. It is necessary to consider her cultural background before providing counselling to her. Assess Amalies capability to perform activities of daily living which can be helpful in providing suitable intervention for the improvement in the activities. Assessment can also be useful in identifying potential barriers. Provide with necessary supportive devices like wheelchairs, canes, transfer bars for Amalie for support and improvement in the activities. These supportive devices can enhance activity and reduce danger of fall in Amalie (da Silva et al., 2015). Demonstrate call light utilization to patient. Use call light for managing vision impairment in Amalie. Call light use can reduce risk of fall in Amalie (Elliott, McGwin, Kline and Owsley, 2015). Evaluate outcomes: There is improvement in pain scale in Amalie from 4 to 3 in the pain scale of 0 10. This improvement is achieved after providing intervention in the form of medicines and physiotherapy collectively. In the literature, it is evident that combined intervention in the form of medicine and physiotherapy can be more effective as compared to the individual intervention. Mood of the Amalie improved and there is augmentation of the coping ability of Amalie. Sensitivity of pain can be altered based on the individual because it is a subjective parameter. Hence, it is very necessary to improve mood and coping ability of Amalie (Sarzi-Puttini et al., 2014). There is improvement in the performance of activities of daily living in Amalie and she learned use of assistance devices. Due to use of assistance devices there is reduction in the fall frequency in Amalie. It is well established that fall frequency and risk injury is more in older people which can be efficiently controlled in older people by using assistance devices (Krist, Dimeo and Keil, 2013). Amalie acquired skills to use call light and she is practicing it efficiently. Hence, vision problem can be effectively avoided and she can call nurse for her assistance. Risk of fall and injury can be effectively reduced in older people by using call light (Dev, Paudel, Joshi et al., 2014). Reflection: I understand and realized that arthritic disease and vision impairment can negatively impact activities of daily living. Henceforth, it is mandatory to extend them assistance for carrying out their activities and provide them with appropriate assistance devices. I had extended information about arthritic disease, I would have realized influence of these disease on the daily activities. Provision of support and assistance for the people with arthritic diseases in the preliminary stage can reduce risk of fall and further complications can be avoided. I understood that pain can affect patient both physically and psychologically. I should have started psychological counselling in arthritic patients in older people (Carpenito, 2013). Conclusion: Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle and Millers Functional Consequences Theory are applied in case of Amalie for collecting information related to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, macular degeneration and hypothyroidism. Three cares prioritise such as pain, impaired physical mobility and impaired vision are identified in Amalie by applying information collection and processing steps of the Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle. Goals of care were set for Amalie. For each of the set goals, actions were planed and executed for assessment and intervention of Amalie. Pain severity is reduced in Amalie and there is improvement in the mood and coping ability of Amalie. Amalies ability to perform activities of daily living improved and there is reduction in the fall frequency. Hence, from this case study, it is evident that implementation of Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle and Millers Functional Consequences Theory can be helpful in executing stepwise procedure for providing ho listic care to older patients like Amalie. This type of care can be considered as robust care for older people because all these steps are taken from the robust framework. References: Abhishek, A., and Doherty, M. (2013). Diagnosisand clinical presentation ofosteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 39(1), 45-66. Carpenito, L. J. (2013). Nursing Care Plans: Transitional Patient Family Centered Care. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. da Silva, M.B., Almeida, M. A., Panato, B.P., et al. (2015). Clinical applicability ofnursingoutcomes in the evolution of orthopedic patients withImpaired PhysicalMobility. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem, 23(1), 51-8. Dev, M.K., Paudel, N., Joshi, N.D., et al. (2014). Impact of visualimpairmentonvision-specific quality of life among older adults living innursinghome. Current Eye Research, 39(3), 232-8. Donato, A., et al. (2015). Pain management in patients withrheumatoid arthritis. Nurse Practitioner, 40(5), 38-45. Elliott, A.F., McGwin, G., Kline, L.B., and Owsley, C. Vision ImpairmentAmong Older Adults Residing in Subsidized Housing Communities. Gerontologist, 55(1), S108-17. Gulanick, M., and Myers, J.L. (2016). Nursing Care Plans - E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hunter, S. (Ed). (2016). Millers nursing for wellness in older adults (2 nd Australia and New Zealand ed.) North Ryde, NSW: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Krist, L., Dimeo, F., and Keil, T. (2013). Can progressive resistance training twice a week improvemobility, muscle strength, and quality of life in very elderlynursing-home residents withimpairedmobility? A pilot study. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 8, 443-8. Kourilovitch, M., Galarza-Maldonado, C., and Ortiz-Prado, E. (2014). Diagnosisand classification ofrheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Autoimmunity, 48-49, 26-30. Kung, T.N., and Bykerk, V.P. (2014). Detecting the earliest signs ofrheumatoid arthritis:symptomsand examination. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 40(4), 669-83. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Lim, L.S., Mitchell, P., Seddon, J., et al. (2012). Age-relatedmacular degeneration. Lancet, 379(9827), 1728-38. Mehta, S. (2015). Age-RelatedMacular Degeneration. Primary Care, 42(3), 377-91 Sarzi-Puttini, P., Salaffi, F., Di Franco, M., et al. (2014). Painin rheumatoidarthritis: a critical review. Reumatismo, 66(1), 18-27. Shin, S.Y., Julian, L., and Katz, P. (2013). The relationship between cognitive function andphysicalfunction in rheumatoidarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology, 40(3), 236-43. Walsh, D.A., and McWilliams, D.F. (2014). Mechanisms, impact and managementofpaininrheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 10(10), 581-92.

Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay Example

Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay Social media is a social instrument which is used as a tool where people communicate with each other. According to Evans, social media in not only about people reading and disseminating information, but also how they share and create content for others to participate. The use of social media is growing rapidly today as it helps connect people living in any part of the world, through various social networking sites. Social media has enabled people to exchange their views about products and services among each other and also has encouraged companies to market their products and services thus indulging in social media marketing. Social media marketing refers to capturing the attention of the people on social media sites towards a brand or products and services of an organization. Social media has become an excellent channel for marketers to reach consumers. It has led to the consumers being more associated with a product and also in influencing the goodwill and reputation of the organization. The article titled, â€Å"Expand your Brand Community Online† states that social media is important for marketers because it allows them to dialogue directly with consumers, which in turn engages consumers directly with company brands (Hanlon, Patrick, Hawkins, amp; Josh, January 2008). Social media thus supports the buying cycle by providing a platform to the consumers to discover information they need to make purchase decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media on Consumer Buying Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been found that India is the world’s 7th largest internet market growing at 11. 2% (ComScore). According to Khushbu Pandya (2012), there are 21 million people in India who are estimated to visit social media sites regularly, which is 60. 3% of the total active Indian internet audience. (Cruz B. and Mendelsohn J. , 2010) More than 90% of Indian online users belong to 18 -45 age group, which has high purchase power and high disposable income. Social media influences consumer purchase to a large extent. Consumers trust more the information obtained from a fellow consumer than from or created by an organization. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: With the increase in the internet usage, the various social media marketing strategies influence the buying behavior customers need to be explored. Studies have shown social media is being considered playing an important role in customer buying decisions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of social-media on the buying behavior of the consumers in Mumbai. This study will provide as a base for entrepreneurs and marketers to evaluate the consumer behavior and carry out marketing strategies accordingly to capture the attention and further introduce or increase the sales of their product. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: In order to achieve the aim of the research the objectives set forward for conducting the research were: 1. To know the perception of the people in Mumbai regarding their shopping preferences. 2. To know the website preferences of the respondents in respect to the social media sites. 3. To understand how social media influences the buying behavior of the consumers living in Mumbai. HYPOTHESIS: H0: There is no significant relationship between social media and consumer buying behavior in Mumbai. H1: There is a significant relationship between social media and consumer buying behavior in Mumbai. LITERATURE REVIEW: According to Sampad Swain (2009), due to the increasing use of social media websites by the consumers, social media outreach by brands and companies, especially if this outreach is done by a personal online representative, can be much more influential on consumer behavior than ads or other promotional devices. As a result, companies that utilize social media engage directly with consumers and thus they have a great opportunity to reach more customers and also increase their likelihood of making a purchase. According to Mathur Pooja, Black Jennifer E. , et all (2012), â€Å"The Impact of Social Media Usage on Consumer Buying Behavior†, Media sites for which frequency of visits related to influence did not differ whether the main aspect of the influence of the social media was induced by advertising, by a friends comments or blogs, or not by a direct visit to social media, but rather, a friend who is a fan or follower of the product or service. According to Rajiv Kaushik, â€Å"Impact of Social Media Marketing† As the popularity of social media is growing and there is no turning back it seems social media will overtake to other functional areas of marketing to a large extent. Social media is trying to fill the gap between marketers and consumers through continual dialogue, building trust and interacting with right audience in right way, as fast as possible. METHODOLOGY The study is analytical based on collection of data from both primary and secondary sources. The study is mainly based on primary data and the tool implemented is a non-structured questionnaire. A sample of 200 respondents will be selected for the study. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLES: * Age group between 18 to 45 years. * Respondents living in Mumbai. * Member of atleast one social media site. SAMPLING METHOD: * Purposive sampling method. Necessary secondary data have also been collected from sources like books, magazines and internet. ANALYSIS OF DATA This analysis will be helpful in studying what variables of social media will have an impact on the purchasing power of the consumers in Mumbai. This impact will be measured on a scale of 1 to 10 with one being the lowest impact and 10 being the highest impact. ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The anticipated results of the data collected will show that there is an impact of social media on the consumer buying behaviour in Mumbai and 68% of the respondents are greatly influenced towards a product by seeing their friend’s views and likes about that product on the social media sites, thus resulting to the null hypothesis being rejected and the alternate hypothesis being selected. CONCLUSION: Considering the anticipated results, the data collected will shows that there is a huge impact of social media and the buying behavior of the consumers in Mumbai. The results will also indicate that the consumers falling in the age group of 18 to 25 were comparatively greatly influenced by their friend’s suggestions and likes as compared to advertising and other social media sites. Also the results will reveal that the respondents use social media as a medium of gaining complete information and reviews by the existing users of the product before purchasing it. REFERENCES

Vodafone Marketing Strategy free essay sample

Vodafone UK gives NECTAR reward points for every ? 1 spent on calls, text messages, picture messages and ring tones. Promotion: Advertising on TV, on billboards, in magazines and in other media outlets reaches large audiences and spreads the brand image and the message very effectively. This is known as above the line promotion. Stores have special offers, promotions and point of sale posters to attract those inside the stores to buy. Vodafone’s stores, its products and its staff all project the brand image. Vodafone Products: Brand Image: David Beckham is more than a footballer. He is also regarded as a fashion icon, a caring family man and a nice guy: an overall image that attracted Vodafone to him. Beckham’s popularity with football fans comes largely from his England team captaincy. As a footballer, he is well regarded around the world. Other young men who might aspire to his success and style also tend to identify with him. We will write a custom essay sample on Vodafone Marketing Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He appeals to many females because of his reputation as a fashion and lifestyle icon. He is also married to a female icon in her own right. Vodafone’s sponsorship of the Manchester United team appeals to a broad section of the global football/sports audience, whereas aspects of Beckham’s broader image have grown to appeal to a much wider section of society. That suits Vodafone, who needs to appeal to different segments of the market. Beckham’s healthy lifestyle allied to his talent suggests an energy and a controlled passion for life; an image that Vodafone would also like to project for itself. On a football field, Beckham is innovative, creative, exciting; characteristics that Vodafone aspires to. Beckham the family man comes across as caring and empathetic; Vodafone wants people to appreciate that it too understands and cares about what people want and need. Beckham is generally seen as dependable; Vodafone wants to communicate a similar image. The synergy is clear. The campaign Beckham is supporting the campaign to promote Vodafone live! in the UK and in other markets. The UK campaign shows Beckham doing everyday things: a happy, relaxed, competent shopper sending pictures and accepting a message to remember to buy eggs. At the same time he is also clearly demonstrating what Vodafone live! can do. The TV campaign has been a huge success. Many people have seen it and can recall the adverts. The campaign captured the imagination of the press, and many newspapers covered stories about Beckham’s sponsorship deal. Slogans such as ‘Send it like Beckham’ help to further promote the Vodafone message. Beckham’s image is also used on a variety of other customer communications including in-store posters, billboards, in the company’s magazines and catalogues and in leaflets mailed to customers. Market Research High profile campaigns are a gamble. The campaign’s impact has to justify the time, money and effort spent on it. The marketing team must evaluate the campaign’s success. Vodafone UK has asked people across different sectors of society about the campaign, and has analysed their responses. Individuals were asked what they could remember about the campaigns. This is known in the marketing industry as recall. Recall % Another exercise assessed the effectiveness of the poster depicting Beckham being reminded to buy some eggs. People in the survey are shown different Vodafone posters and asked to say which of them they recall in relation to Vodafone live! Clearly, the Beckham poster is far and away the one that is best recalled. Other data has been used to assess the success of the Beckham promotion. Findings from UK Brand Tracking data reveal that the TV campaign has increased awareness of Vodafone with above average efficiency as measured by the Awareness Index, primarily because of the Beckham scenes. People are able to recall and describe the advertisements without prompting. The Beckham campaign has also helped to support Vodafone’s drive for brand migration. Vodafone can help to fulfil its aim to grow successfully by acquiring local companies in markets that Vodafone would like to enter. A good example of this is Vodafone’s purchase of J-Phone in Japan. The initial strategy was to use a dual J-Phone Vodafone logo alongside the powerful image of Beckham to emphasise the relationship between the two companies. The final transition removed the J-Phone logo altogether to a sole focus on Vodafone (Vodafone KK). This strategy warmed J-Phone’s customers to the idea of a global brand replacing a local brand. David Beckham is a popular figure in Japan and helped to smooth the way for the substitution of the global brand in place of the local one. Vodafone India: Conclusion In a highly competitive market, David Beckham is the latest in a number of high profile celebrities and sports personalities that Vodafone has used to promote Vodafone live! Market research and increased sales indicate that using Beckham’s image has been highly effective. Sponsorship using stars involves a partnership between the star and the company, and success depends on both remaining high profile and in the public eye The Beckham campaign is seen in many countries worldwide and reinforces his own image as well as communicating Vodafone’s brand values. Beckham is something of a phenomenon whose star status shows no sign of waning. Vodafone believes that it has gained an important advantage in a highly competitive market place as a result of having such a high profile, admired star attached to its name and its product.

Norms and Values Essay Essays

Norms and Values Essay Essays Norms and Values Essay Essay Norms and Values Essay Essay Beginning of Life Culture is an acquired style of living. At birth children do not have any knowledge of their cultures nor do they have any influence on which culture they can emulate. The process through which a person acquires certain values and norms is called socialization. At the beginning of ones life, the major influences on the behaviors, conceptions, and values of infants are their immediate social circles. Family and friends often make for the primary influences of individuals. Another important influence is the cultural context in which socialization occurs. The norms and values that are in India may not be the same as how people are socialized in Canada. Cultural diversity often influences the socialization (Kallivayalil 535-559). Looking at the differences in the socialization process in India and Canada can give important insight into the norms and values of both societies. Socialization pushes people towards an ideology or philosophy that governs social and cultural life (Kallivayalil 535-559). In India, there are many different ethnicities. This phenomenon, therefore, complicates the socialization process of the country. For instance, Yanomamo Indian boys are brought up to be aggressive and thought. They are taught to embrace violence and overwhelming emotions. For the most part, socialization is often culturally motivated in India, compared to European and Western Cultures. The family unit is an important social and political unit. In India, a lot of families practice joint living with the extended family (Kallivayalil 535-559). The mother is the nurturer while the father represents the bread winner of the family. In Indian culture, males are permissive, and females are meant to be submissive. The respect for elders also makes important competency for these students. The gender lines in India are given priority in nurturing children. For instance, theyre taught how they ought to behave and even have arranged marriage. In fact, the filing of divorce is not taken well by the society. Western cultures bring up their children in a different method. For one, the value for culture is limited given the diverse mix of people. It is difficult to find parents and peers whose cultural and social belief coincide. For this reason, one of the approaches through which values and norms are imparted to children (Pike and Zureik 1). Education and political socialization, therefore, present as the acceptable and most widely used measures for socialization. It is important to note that these measures only improve the outcome of how youth grow. Through learning about stratification methods and incorporating the ideologies deemed universal in civic education, is the primary approach towards socialization in western cultures (Pike and Zureik 1). Political socialization is a method through which people are socialized in Canada. Through civic education, the value of having and practicing certain moral values and coin conceptualizations is instilled in the lives of young people. However, it is important to note that there are different approaches towards civic education. The intent for Canada, however, is to stir political participation in the people (Claes, Hooghe and Stolle 613). Still, through civic education, small children can grow up having value for social service. Social service inspires more participation in community and therefore inspires more responsibility and character in peoples. It is, however, important to note that in its diversity, social stratification and socialization is one of the priorities of political socialization. The country is ultimately focused on protecting the ethnicities and the values that they hold. They country, therefore, is better positioned regarding liberal and culturally motivated socia lization(Claes, Hooghe and Stolle 613). Work Cited Claes, Ellen, Marc Hooghe, and Dietlind Stolle. The Political Socialization Of Adolescents In Canada: Differential Effects Of Civic Education On Visible Minorities. Canadian Journal of Political Science 42.03 (2009): 613. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Kallivayalil, D. Gender And Cultural Socialization In Indian Immigrant Families In The United States. Feminism Psychology 14.4 (2004): 535-559. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Pike, Robert M., and Elia Zureik. Socialization And Values In Canadian Society: Socialization, Social Stratification And Ethnicity On JSTOR. Jstor.org. N.p., 1978. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.

The interaction of individual agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The interaction of individual agency - Essay Example The structure of tennis (tournaments) consists of the four Grand Slam tournaments — the Australian Open, the French Open, the US open And the Wimbledon, and the Davis Cup (for men) and the Fed Cup (women). (University of Texas: Introduction to Tennis - website) The Agencies in the game of tennis are the governing bodies, the clubs and educational institutions where tennis is encouraged and played and also advertising sponsors and media, which have a marked influence on the fortunes of the game. The individuals involved in the game are the players, the coaches, the members of administrative bodies that govern the game, its patrons, the persons in decision-making positions in educational institutions, companies that sponsor the game and in the media; and most important of all — the individuals that comprise the audience. How is the role of a tennis coach affected by the interactions among its various agencies, and those between the agencies and the overall structure of th e game? I propose to look at the question mainly from my own experience as a tennis coach for the past fourteen years, and shall also refer to the findings of a research study done for the Scottish Sports Council (Lyle, Allison & Taylor 1997) Individuals are attracted to coaching to prolong an involvement with the game and to help others —mostly younger persons — and to a limited extent, the top performers in the game (those who coach top performers are less in number.) Wanting to put something back into the sport motivates many to become coaches. Although in most sports financial reward is not a motivating factor for taking up coaching, in tennis this reason seems to be of greater importance, with 38% of the respondents stating this.

Final Examination Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final Examination - Assignment Example Employee X and employee Y. It say that employee X are bad employee that are not motivated by the job they are doing and need coercion to work productively. Most managers will not have incentives for employees falling in category X instead they use coercion. On the other side employee Y have natural liking of their job and little motivation can double their productivity. Other theories such as Maslow hierarchy of need indicate the progressive need of motivation. As one motivation is satisfied it means a lot to productivity and reenergize for another achievement. All motivation theories address one outcome in there explanation aspect of motivation. On the same note, every theory has a role and every theory has one way or the other that can be used by a manager to increase the productivity in the company. A good example is the comparative picture that the theory of Maslow and that of McGregor when viewed in unison they draw. On commonality, they all share one fabric: the fabric of motivation. However there approach is different. On one hand the of X and Y which is a school of thought of McGregor explains that there exist two types of employee one who is self-initiated, self-motivated and work productively under supervision and coercion. Such employee is grouped as an employee Y. In real sense such an employee could be following the ladder of hierarchy postulated by Maslow being motivated at every stage. After achieving on physiological need the self-motivation of moving to safety need arises and on and on till the self-actualization is achiev ed. Consequently, the two theory fit together. On the other side, an employee who is fixated on one step of Maslow theory tend to be frustrated or retrogress to the lower hierarchy for the purposes of feeling satisfied. These employees tend to fit in category X according to McGregor. Many other theories have a commonality point of view. Public employee determine

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Domestic Violence - Essay Example From a personal perspective, the fire seemed to be intentional as the Zephyrhills man refused to rescue his live-in girlfriend even though he had the opportunity to do so (Dutton, 2010). A family constitutes of all the requirements in life, as there is togetherness, love and care for each other. As a family man, Christopher Henry lived with his girlfriend and several children including a 1- year old baby who were at their relatives during the time of the incidence (Dutton, 2010). Wife battery and possession of marijuana made him serve a sentence in jail. Children in most cases learn from the behaviors of their parents and this affects them either positively or negatively (Kinsler, 2014). Henrys’ children may suffer emotional depression after learning the death of their mother. A person dealing with drugs is incapable of looking after his children as their mother could. Even though the children may need at least one of their parents, it is better for Christopher to go back to jail. Christopher Henry, the boyfriend, tells the investigators that he had tried to wake Lorraine up after the smell of smoke but she did not respond. Lorraine was jus close to the entrance lying in bed (Dutton, 2010). The duplex apartment consumed with flames on the arrival of firefighters. The fire was intentional because Christopher had the ability to rescue the girlfriend since she was two feet from the entrance but he instead called her to come out. Lorraine maybe suffered from suffocation and was unable to rescue herself. I disagree with Christopher’s statement of calling his girlfriend to escape from fire (Kinsler, 2014). A neighbor witnessed the whole incident and that Henry did not intend to go back to the duplex to rescue his girlfriend (Johnson, 2010). This made the neighbor beat Henry up and his face filled with bruises. The neighbor said that they had resolved a domestic disturbance

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Smart Antenna

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Smart Antenna The Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm which may take various forms generally follows from the homogeneous solution of the wave equation. The models of interest in this dissertation may equally apply to an EM wave as well as to an acoustic wave. Assuming that the propagation model is fundamentally the same, we will, for analytical expediency, show that it can follow from the solution of Maxwells equations, which clearly are only valid for EM waves. In empty space the equation can be written as: =0 (3.1) =0 (3.2) (3.3) (3.4) where . and ÃÆ'-, respectively, denote the divergence and curl. Furthermore, B is the magnetic induction. E denotes the electric field, whereas and are the magnetic and dielectric constants respectively. Invoking 3.1 the following curl property results as: (3.5) (3.6) (3.7) The constant c is generally referred to as the speed of propagation. For EM waves in free space, it follows from the derivation c = 1 / = 3 x m / s. The homogeneous wave equation (3.7) constitutes the physical motivation for our assumed data model, regardless of the type of wave or medium. In some applications, the underlying physics are irrelevant, and it is merely the mathematical structure of the data model that counts. 3.2 Plane wave In the physics of wave propagation, a plane wave is a constant-frequency wave whose wave fronts are infinite parallel planes of constant peak-to-peak amplitude normal to the phase velocity vector[]. Actually, it is impossible to have a rare plane wave in practice, and only a plane wave of infinite extent can propagate as a plane wave. Actually, many waves are approximately regarded as plane waves in a localized region of space, e.g., a localized source such as an antenna produces a field which is approximately a plane wave far enough from the antenna in its far-field region. Likely, we can treat the waves as light rays which correspond locally to plane waves, when the length scales are much longer than the waves wavelength, as is often appearing of light in the field of optics. 3.2.1 Mathematical definition Two functions which meet the criteria of having a constant frequency and constant amplitude are defined as the sine or cosine functions. One of the simplest ways to use such a sinusoid involves defining it along the direction of the x axis. As the equation shown below, it uses the cosine function to express a plane wave travelling in the positive x direction. (3.8) Where A(x,t) is the magnitude of the shown wave at a given point in space and time. is the amplitude of the wave which is the peak magnitude of the oscillation. k is the waves wave number or more specifically the angular wave number and equals 2à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ », where ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength of the wave. k has the units of radians per unit distance and is a standard of how rapidly the disturbance changes over a given distance at a particular point in time. x is a point along the x axis. y and z are not considered in the equation because the waves magnitude and phase are the same at every point on any given y-z plane. This equation defines what that magnitude and phase are. is the waves angular frequency which equals 2à Ã¢â€š ¬/T, and T is the period of the wave. In detail, omega, has the units of radians per unit time and is also a standard of how rapid the disturbance changing in a given length of time at a particular point in space. is a given particular point in time, and varphi , is the wave phase shift with the units of radians. It must make clear that a positive phase shift will shifts the wave along the negative x axis direction at a given point of time. A phase shift of 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ radians means shifting it one wavelength exactly. Other formulations which directly use the waves wavelength, period T, frequency f and velocity c, are shown as follows: A=A_o cos[2pi(x/lambda- t/T) + varphi], (3.9) A=A_o cos[2pi(x/lambda- ft) + varphi], (3.10) A=A_o cos[(2pi/lambda)(x- ct) + varphi], (3.11) To appreciate the equivalence of the above set of equations denote that f=1/T,! and c=lambda/T=omega/k,! 3.2.2 Application Plane waves are solutions for a scalar wave equation in the homogeneous medium. As for vector wave equations, e.g., waves in an elastic solid or the ones describing electromagnetic radiation, the solution for the homogeneous medium is similar. In vector wave equations, the scalar amplitude is replaced by a constant vector. e.g., in electromagnetism is the vector of the electric field, magnetic field, or vector potential. The transverse wave is a kind of wave in which the amplitude vector is perpendicular to k, which is the case for electromagnetic waves in an isotropic space. On the contrast, the longitudinal wave is a kind of wave in which the amplitude vector is parallel to k, typically, such as for acoustic waves in a gas or fluid. The plane wave equation is true for arbitrary combinations of à Ã¢â‚¬ ° and k. However, all real physical mediums will only allow such waves to propagate for these combinations of à Ã¢â‚¬ ° and k that satisfy the dispersion relation of the mediums. The dispersion relation is often demonstrated as a function, à Ã¢â‚¬ °(k), where ratio à Ã¢â‚¬ °/|k| gives the magnitude of the phase velocity and dà Ã¢â‚¬ °/dk denotes the group velocity. As for electromagnetism in an isotropic case with index of refraction coefficient n, the phase velocity is c/n, which equals the group velocity on condition that the index is frequency independent. In linear uniform case, a wave equation solution can be demonstrated as a superposition of plane waves. This method is known as the Angular Spectrum method. Actually, the solution form of the plane wave is the general consequence of translational symmetry. And in the more general case, for periodic structures with discrete translational symmetry, the solution takes the form of Bloch waves, which is most famous in crystalline atomic materials, in the photonic crystals and other periodic wave equations. 3.3 Propagation Many physical phenomena are either a result of waves propagating through a medium or exhibit a wave like physical manifestation. Though 3.7 is a vector equation, we only consider one of its components, say E(r,t) where r is the radius vector. It will later be assumed that the measured sensor outputs are proportional to E(r,t). Interestingly enough, any field of the form E(r,t) = , which satisfies 3.7, provided with T denoting transposition. Through its dependence on only, the solution can be interpreted as a wave traveling in the direction, with the speed of propagation. For the latter reason, ÃŽÂ ± is referred to as the slowness vector. The chief interest herein is in narrowband forcing functions. The details of generating such a forcing function can be found in the classic book by Jordan [59]. In complex notation [63] and taking the origin as a reference, a narrowband transmitted waveform can be expressed as: (3.12) where s(t) is slowly time varying compared to the carrier . For, where B is the bandwidth of s(t), we can write: (3.13) In the last equation 3.13, the so-called wave vector was introduced, and its magnitude is the wavenumber. One can also write, where is the wavelength. Make sure that k also points in the direction of propagation, e.g., in the x-y plane we can get: (3.14) where is the direction of propagation, defined counter clockwise relative the x axis. It should be noted that 3.12 implicitly assumed far-field conditions, since an isotropic, which refers to uniform propagation/transmission in all directions, point source gives rise to a spherical traveling wave whose amplitude is inversely proportional to the distance to the source. All points lying on the surface of a sphere of radius R will then share a common phase and are referred to as a wave front. This indicates that the distance between the emitters and the receiving antenna array determines whether the spherical degree of the wave should be taken into account. The reader is referred to e.g., [10, 24] for treatments of near field reception. Far field receiving conditions imply that the radius of propagation is so large that a flat plane of constant phase can be considered, thus resulting in a plane wave as indicated in Eq. 8. Though not necessary, the latter will be our assumed working mode l for convenience of exposition. Note that a linear medium implies the validity of the superposition principle, and thus allows for more than one traveling wave. Equation 8 carries both spatial and temporal information and represents an adequate model for distinguishing signals with distinct spatial-temporal parameters. These may come in various forms, such as DOA, in general azimuth and elevation, signal polarization, transmitted waveforms, temporal frequency etc. Each emitter is generally associated with a set of such characteristics. The interest in unfolding the signal parameters forms the essence of sensor array signal processing as presented herein, and continues to be an important and active topic of research. 3.4 Smart antenna Smart antennas are devices which adapt their radiation pattern to achieve improved performance either range or capacity or some combination of these [1]. The rapid growth in demand for mobile communications services has encouraged research into the design of wireless systems to improve spectrum efficiency, and increase link quality [7]. Using existing methods more effective, the smart antenna technology has the potential to significantly increase the wireless. With intelligent control of signal transmission and reception, capacity and coverage of the mobile wireless network, communications applications can be significantly improved [2]. In the communication system, the ability to distinguish different users is essential. The smart antenna can be used to add increased spatial diversity, which is referred to as Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA). Conventionally, employment of the most common multiple access scheme is a frequency division multiple access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These independent users of the program, frequency, time and code domain were given three different levels of diversity. Potential benefits of the smart antenna show in many ways, such as anti-multipath fading, reducing the delay extended to support smart antenna holding high data rate, interference suppression, reducing the distance effect, reducing the outage probability, to improve the BER (Bit Error Rate)performance, increasing system capacity, to improve spectral efficiency, supporting flexible and efficient handoff to expand cell coverage, flexible management of the district, to extend the battery life of mobile station, as well as lower maintenance and operating costs. 3.4.1 Types of Smart Antennas The environment and the systems requirements decide the type of Smart Antennas. There are two main types of Smart Antennas. They are as follows: Phased Array Antenna In this type of smart antenna, there will be a number of fixed beams between which the beam will be turned on or steered to the target signal. This can be done, only in the first stage of adjustment to help. In other words, as wanted by the moving target, the beam will be the Steering [2]. Adaptive Array Antenna Integrated with adaptive digital signal processing technology, the smart antenna uses digital signal processing algorithm to measure the signal strength of the beam, so that the antenna can dynamically change the beam which transmit power concentrated, as figure 3.2 shows. The application of spatial processing can enhance the signal capacity, so that multiple users share a channel. Adaptive antenna array is a closed-loop feedback control system consisting of an antenna array and real-time adaptive signal receiver processor, which uses the feedback control method for automatic alignment of the antenna array pattern. It formed nulling interference signal offset in the direction of the interference, and can strengthen a useful signal, so as to achieve the purpose of anti-jamming [3]. Figure 2 click for text version Figure 3.2 3.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of smart antenna Advantages First of all, a high level of efficiency and power are provided by the smart antenna for the target signal. Smart antennas generate narrow pencil beams, when a big number of antenna elements are used in a high frequency condition. Thus, in the direction of the target signal, the efficiency is significantly high. With the help of adaptive array antennas, the same amount times the power gain will be produce, on condition that a fixed number of antenna elements are used. Another improvement is in the amount of interference which is suppressed. Phased array antennas suppress the interference with the narrow beam and adaptive array antennas suppress by adjusting the beam pattern [2]. Disadvantages The main disadvantage is the cost. Actually, the cost of such devices will be more than before, not only in the electronics section, but in the energy. That is to say the device is too expensive, and will also decrease the life of other devices. The receiver chains which are used must be decreased in order to reduce the cost. Also, because of the use of the RF electronics and A/D converter for each antenna, the costs are increasing. Moreover, the size of the antenna is another problem. Large base stations are needed to make this method to be efficient and it will increase the size, apart from this multiple external antennas needed on each terminal. Then, when the diversity is concerned, disadvantages are occurred. When mitigation is needed, diversity becomes a serious problem. The terminals and base stations must equip with multiple antennas. 3.5 White noise White noise is a random signal with a flat power spectral density []. In another word, the signal contains the equal power within a particular bandwidth at the centre frequency. White noise draws its name from white light where the power spectral density of the light is distributed in the visible band. In this way, the eyes three colour receptors are approximately equally stimulated []. In statistical case, a time series can be characterized as having weak white noise on condition that {} is a sequence of serially uncorrelated random vibrations with zero mean and finite variance. Especially, strong white noise has the quality to be independent and identically distributed, which means no autocorrelation. In particular, the series is called the Gaussian white noise [1], if is normally distributed and it has zero mean and standard deviation. Actually, an infinite bandwidth white noise signal is just a theoretical construction which cannot be reached. In practice, the bandwidth of white noise is restricted by the transmission medium, the mechanism of noise generation, and finite observation capabilities. If a random signal is observed with a flat spectrum in a mediums widest possible bandwidth, we will refer it as white noise. 3.5.1 Mathematical definition White random vector A random vector W is a white random vector only if its mean vector and autocorrelation matrix are corresponding to the follows: mu_w = mathbb{E}{ mathbf{w} } = 0 (3.15) R_{ww} = mathbb{E}{ mathbf{w} mathbf{w}^T} = sigma^2 mathbf{I} . (3.16) That is to say, it is a zero mean random vector, and its autocorrelation matrix is a multiple of the identity matrix. When the autocorrelation matrix is a multiple of the identity, we can regard it as spherical correlation. White random process A time continuous random process where is a white noise signal only if its mean function and autocorrelation function satisfy the following equation: mu_w(t) = mathbb{E}{ w(t)} = 0 (3.17) R_{ww}(t_1, t_2) = mathbb{E}{ w(t_1) w(t_2)} = (N_{0}/2)delta(t_1 t_2). (3.18) That is to say, it is zero mean for all time and has infinite power at zero time shift since its autocorrelation function is the Dirac delta function. The above autocorrelation function implies the following power spectral density. Since the Fourier transform of the delta function is equal to 1, we can imply: S_{ww}(omega) = N_{0}/2 ,! (3.19) Since this power spectral density is the same at all frequencies, we define it white as an analogy to the frequency spectrum of white light. A generalization to random elements on infinite dimensional spaces, e.g. random fields, is the white noise measure. 3.5.2 Statistical properties The white noise is uncorrelated in time and does not restrict the values a signal can take. Any distribution of values about the white noise is possible. Even a so-called binary signal that can only take the values of 1 or -1 will be white on condition that the sequence is statistically uncorrelated. Any noise with a continuous distribution, like a normal distribution, can be white noise certainly. It is often incorrectly assumed that Gaussian noise is necessarily white noise, yet neither property implies the other. Gaussianity refers to the probability distribution with respect to the value, in this context the probability of the signal reaching amplitude, while the term white refers to the way the signal power is distributed over time or among frequencies. Spectrogram of pink noise (left) and white noise (right), showed with linear frequency axis (vertical). We can therefore find Gaussian white noise, but also Poisson, Cauchy, etc. white noises. Thus, the two words Gaussian and white are often both specified in mathematical models of systems. Gaussian white noise is a good approximation of many real-world situations and generates mathematically tractable models. These models are used so frequently that the term additive white Gaussian noise has a standard abbreviation: AWGN. White noise is the generalized mean-square derivative of the Wiener process or Brownian motion. 3.6 Normal Distribution In probability theory, the normal (or Gaussian) distribution is a continuous probability distribution that has a bell-shaped probability density function, known as the Gaussian function or informally as the bell curve[1]. f(x;mu,sigma^2) = frac{1}{sigmasqrt{2pi}} e^{ -frac{1}{2}left(frac{x-mu}{sigma}right)^2 } The parameter ÃŽÂ ¼ is the mean or expectation (location of the peak) and à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °2 is the variance. à Ã†â€™ is known as the standard deviation. The distribution with ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0 and à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °2 = 1 is called the standard normal distribution or the unit normal distribution. A normal distribution is often used as a first approximation to describe real-valued random variables that cluster around a single mean value. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Standard_deviation_diagram.svg/325px-Standard_deviation_diagram.svg.png The normal distribution is considered the most prominent probability distribution in statistics. There are several reasons for this:[1] First, the normal distribution arises from the central limit theorem, which states that under mild conditions, the mean of a large number of random variables drawn from the same distribution is distributed approximately normally, irrespective of the form of the original distribution. This gives it exceptionally wide application in, for example, sampling. Secondly, the normal distribution is very tractable analytically, that is, a large number of results involving this distribution can be derived in explicit form. For these reasons, the normal distribution is commonly encountered in practice, and is used throughout statistics, natural sciences, and social sciences [2] as a simple model for complex phenomena. For example, the observational error in an experiment is usually assumed to follow a normal distribution, and the propagation of uncertainty is computed using this assumption. Note that a normally distributed variable has a symmetric distribution about its mean. Quantities that grow exponentially, such as prices, incomes or populations, are often skewed to the right, and hence may be better described by other distributions, such as the log-normal distribution or Pareto distribution. In addition, the probability of seeing a normally distributed value that is far (i.e. more than a few standard deviations) from the mean drops off extremely rapidly. As a result, statistical inference using a normal distribution is not robust to the presence of outliers (data that are unexpectedly far from the mean, due to exceptional circumstances, observational error, etc.). When outliers are expected, data may be better described using a heavy-tailed distribution such as the Students t-distribution. 3.6.1 Mathematical Definition The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution, described by the probability density function phi(x) = frac{1}{sqrt{2pi}}, e^{- frac{scriptscriptstyle 1}{scriptscriptstyle 2} x^2}. The factor scriptstyle 1/sqrt{2pi} in this expression ensures that the total area under the curve à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢(x) is equal to one[proof], and 12 in the exponent makes the width of the curve (measured as half the distance between the inflection points) also equal to one. It is traditional in statistics to denote this function with the Greek letter à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (phi), whereas density functions for all other distributions are usually denoted with letters f or p.[5] The alternative glyph à Ã¢â‚¬   is also used quite often, however within this article à Ã¢â‚¬   is reserved to denote characteristic functions. Every normal distribution is the result of exponentiating a quadratic function (just as an exponential distribution results from exponentiating a linear function): f(x) = e^{a x^2 + b x + c}. , This yields the classic bell curve shape, provided that a 0 everywhere. One can adjust a to control the width of the bell, then adjust b to move the central peak of the bell along the x-axis, and finally one must choose c such that scriptstyleint_{-infty}^infty f(x),dx = 1 (which is only possible when a Rather than using a, b, and c, it is far more common to describe a normal distribution by its mean ÃŽÂ ¼ = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °b2a and variance à Ã†â€™2 = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °12a. Changing to these new parameters allows one to rewrite the probability density function in a convenient standard form, f(x) = frac{1}{sqrt{2pisigma^2}}, e^{frac{-(x-mu)^2}{2sigma^2}} = frac{1}{sigma}, phi!left(frac{x-mu}{sigma}right). For a standard normal distribution, ÃŽÂ ¼ = 0 and à Ã†â€™2 = 1. The last part of the equation above shows that any other normal distribution can be regarded as a version of the standard normal distribution that has been stretched horizontally by a factor à Ã†â€™ and then translated rightward by a distance ÃŽÂ ¼. Thus, ÃŽÂ ¼ specifies the position of the bell curves central peak, and à Ã†â€™ specifies the width of the bell curve. The parameter ÃŽÂ ¼ is at the same time the mean, the median and the mode of the normal distribution. The parameter à Ã†â€™2 is called the variance; as for any random variable, it describes how concentrated the distribution is around its mean. The square root of à Ã†â€™2 is called the standard deviation and is the width of the density function. The normal distribution is usually denoted by N(ÃŽÂ ¼,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã†â€™2).[6] Thus when a random variable X is distributed normally with mean ÃŽÂ ¼ and variance à Ã†â€™2, we write X sim mathcal{N}(mu,,sigma^2). , 3.6.2 Alternative formulations Some authors advocate using the precision instead of the variance. The precision is normally defined as the reciprocal of the variance (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2), although it is occasionally defined as the reciprocal of the standard deviation (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1).[7] This parameterization has an advantage in numerical applications where à Ã†â€™2 is very close to zero and is more convenient to work with in analysis as à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is a natural parameter of the normal distribution. This parameterization is common in Bayesian statistics, as it simplifies the Bayesian analysis of the normal distribution. Another advantage of using this parameterization is in the study of conditional distributions in the multivariate normal case. The form of the normal distribution with the more common definition à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 is as follows: f(x;,mu,tau) = sqrt{frac{tau}{2pi}}, e^{frac{-tau(x-mu)^2}{2}}. The question of which normal distribution should be called the standard one is also answered differently by various authors. Starting from the works of Gauss the standard normal was considered to be the one with variance à Ã†â€™2 = 12 : f(x) = frac{1}{sqrtpi},e^{-x^2} Stigler (1982) goes even further and insists the standard normal to be with the variance à Ã†â€™2 = 12à Ã¢â€š ¬ : f(x) = e^{-pi x^2} According to the author, this formulation is advantageous because of a much simpler and easier-to-remember formula, the fact that the pdf has unit height at zero, and simple approximate formulas for the quintiles of the distribution. 3.7 Cramer-Rao Bound In estimation theory and statistics, the Cramà ©r-Rao bound (CRB) or Cramà ©r-Rao lower bound (CRLB), named in honor of Harald Cramer and Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao who were among the first to derive it,[1][2][3] expresses a lower bound on the variance of estimators of a deterministic parameter. The bound is also known as the Cramà ©r-Rao inequality or the information inequality. In its simplest form, the bound states that the variance of any unbiased estimator is at least as high as the inverse of the Fisher information. An unbiased estimator which achieves this lower bound is said to be (fully) efficient. Such a solution achieves the lowest possible mean squared error among all unbiased methods, and is therefore the minimum variance unbiased (MVU) estimator. However, in some cases, no unbiased technique exists which achieves the bound. This may occur even when an MVU estimator exists. The Cramà ©r-Rao bound can also be used to bound the variance of biased estimators of given bias. In some cases, a biased approach can result in both a variance and a mean squared error that are below the unbiased Cramà ©r-Rao lower bound; see estimator bias. statement The Cramà ©r-Rao bound is stated in this section for several increasingly general cases, beginning with the case in which the parameter is a scalar and its estimator is unbiased. All versions of the bound require certain regularity conditions, which hold for most well-behaved distributions. These conditions are listed later in this section. Scalar unbiased case Suppose theta is an unknown deterministic parameter which is to be estimated from measurements x, distributed according to some probability density function f(x;theta). The variance of any unbiased estimator hat{theta} of theta is then bounded by the reciprocal of the Fisher information I(theta): mathrm{var}(hat{theta}) geq frac{1}{I(theta)} where the Fisher information I(theta) is defined by I(theta) = mathrm{E} left[ left( frac{partial ell(x;theta)}{partialtheta} right)^2 right] = -mathrm{E}left[ frac{partial^2 ell(x;theta)}{partialtheta^2} right] and ell(x;theta)=log f(x;theta) is the natural logarithm of the likelihood function and mathrm{E} denotes the expected value. The efficiency of an unbiased estimator hat{theta} measures how close this estimators variance comes to this lower bound; estimator efficiency is defined as e(hat{theta}) = frac{I(theta)^{-1}}{{rm var}(hat{theta})} or the minimum possible variance for an unbiased estimator divided by its actual variance. The Cramà ©r-Rao lower bound thus gives e(hat{theta}) le 1. General scalar case A more general form of the bound can be obtained by considering an unbiased estimator T(X) of a function psi(theta) of the parameter theta. Here, unbiasedness is understood as stating that E{T(X)} = psi(theta). In this case, the bound is given by mathrm{var}(T) geq frac{[psi'(theta)]^2}{I(theta)} where psi'(theta) is the derivative of psi(theta) (by theta), and I(theta) is the Fisher information defined above. Bound on the variance of biased estimators Apart from being a bound on estimators of functions of the parameter, this approach can be used to derive a bound on the variance of biased estimators with a given bias, as follows. Consider an estimator hat{theta} with biasb(theta) = E{hat{theta}} theta, and let psi(theta) = b(theta) + theta. By the result above, any unbiased estimator whose expectation is psi(theta) has variance greater than or equal to (psi'(theta))^2/I(theta). Thus, any estimator hat{theta} whose bias is given by a function b(theta) satisfies mathrm{var} left(hat{theta}right) geq frac{[1+b'(theta)]^2}{I(theta)}. The unbiased version of the bound is a special case of this result, with b(theta)=0. Its trivial to have a small variance à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ an estimator that is constant has a variance of zero. But from the above equation we find that the mean squared errorof a biased estimator is bounded by mathrm{E}left((hat{theta}-theta)^2right)geqfrac{[1+b'(theta)]^2}{I(theta)}+b(theta)^2, using the standard decomposition of the MSE. Note, however, that this bound can be less than the unbiased Cramà ©r-Rao bound 1/I(ÃŽÂ ¸). See the example of estimating variance below. Multivariate case Extending the Cramà ©r-Rao bound to multiple parameters, define a parameter column vector boldsymbol{theta} = left[ theta_1, theta_2, dots, theta_d right]^T in mathbb{R}^d with probability density function f(x; boldsymbol{theta}) which satisfies the two regularity conditions below. The Fisher information matrix is a d times d matrix with element I_{m, k} defined as I_{m, k} = mathrm{E} left[ frac{d}{dtheta_m} log fleft(x; boldsymbol{theta}right) frac{d}{dtheta_k} log fleft(x; boldsymbol{theta}right) right]. Let boldsymbol{T}(X) be an estimator of any vector function of parameters, boldsymbol{T}(X) = (T_1(X), ldots, T_n(X))^T, and denote its expectation vector mathrm{E}[boldsymbol{T}(X)] by boldsymbol{psi}(boldsymbol{theta}). The Cramà ©r-Rao bound then states that the covariance matrix of boldsymbol{T}(X) satisfies mathrm{cov}_{boldsymbol{theta}}left(boldsymbol{T}(X)right) geq frac {partial boldsymbol{psi} left(boldsymbol{theta}right)} {partial boldsymbol{theta}} [Ileft(boldsymbol{theta}right)]^{-1} left( frac {partial boldsymbol{psi}left(boldsymbol{theta}right)} {partial boldsymbol{theta}} right)^T where The matrix inequality A ge B is understood to mean that the matrix A-B is positive semi definite, and partial boldsymbol{psi}(boldsymbol{theta})/partial boldsymbol{theta} is the Jacobian matrix whose ijth element is given by partial psi_i(boldsymbol{theta})/partial theta_j. If boldsymbol{T}(X) is an unbiased estimator of boldsymbol{theta} (i.e., boldsymbol{psi}left(boldsymbol{theta}rig

Tom Daschle :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TOM DASCHLE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Daschle was born into a working class family on December 9, 1947 in Aberdeen, South Dakota. Tom was the eldest of four brothers and became the first to graduate from college in 1969 with a political science degree form South Dakota State University. After graduating college, Tom joined the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command. Tom served three years as an intelligence officer. After the Air Force, Tom became an aide to then South Dakota Senator James Abourezk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1978 Tom was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served four terms and soon became part of the Democratic Leadership. In 1979 he was elected Rocky Mountain Regional Whip and from 1982-1986, Tom remained Whip-at-large. Tom quickly gained a reputation for humility and a willingness to compromise. He also became known to his critics as a wolfish partisan, whose strong opinions were only partially disguised by a lamb’s demeanor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1986, Tom ran for the U.S. Senate where he won a tough contest against the incumbent James Abnor. After being elected, Tom received the honor of being appointed to the Senate Finance Committee. Tom became the first South Dakota Senator to be appointed a leadership position when in 1988, Senate Democratic Leader George Mitchell selected Tom the first ever co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee. Tom Daschle was the first U.S. Senator to hire a full-time economic development director and he also made it easier for South Dakotans to reach him by establishing a toll-free telephone line to his office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  South Dakotans re-elected Tom to the Senate in 1992 and 1998. In addition to his leadership duties, Tom also serves as a member of the Senate Agriculture Committee, Veterans Committee, Indian Affairs Committee, Finance Committee, and the Ethic Committee. Senator Daschle has insisted on fiscal responsibility and discipline from both Congress and the White House. Urging his policy of fiscal responsibility, Senator Daschle has advised Congress to use the unprecedented budget surpluses to pay down the national debt, lock up Social Security and Medicare for future generations, cut taxes for working families and invest in other important priorities such as agriculture, education, crime fighting and healthcare. Tom has pushed for fair competition for family farmers and ranchers and worked to make certain that quality education and healthcare are made available to rural communities. Senator Daschle constantly fights for Veterans to get them the benefits they deserve for their dedication to our country.

Responsibility Essay Essay

Personal responsibility is holding myself accountable for my actions and accepting the outcome of those actions. Any decisions I make, no matter how significant they are, will affect my life and those around me. To me, accepting personal responsibility is the first step in taking control of my life. Someone who demonstrates personal responsibilities achieves academic success. My college success depends on my personal responsibility. This relationship exists because being responsible for my actions will directly affect my education. As a student, I need to have self-discipline or self-control. The ability to be in control of my emotions and actions will show great results in my academic success. The lack of self-control could lead to showing up late in class, turning in the assignment late, or being absent from class. This could also lead me to such as dropping out of school and not being able to accomplish my goals. As an adult, I have many responsibilities and decisions to make. Som e of these responsibilities are taking care of the household, running my own business, staying healthy and getting a college degree. When paying my mortgage, insurance, and utility bills, or paying taxes for my company, I am taking action and accepting responsibility to pay those bills on time. Also, managing my own business takes much commitment, dedication and self-discipline. I also need to keep myself healthy by doing regular exercise and eating healthy food. Keeping my health top notch will help me do my daily routines. To stay on top of my responsibilities, developing a plan, writing down my goals, and setting a date keep me on track. Plus, keeping everything organized helps me focus on achieving my other goals. The other goal I want to achieve is to finish my education and earn a college degree. As an adult student, I understand accepting personal responsibility is the key to success. Also, having a better understanding of personal responsibility will guide me through to my academic success. To become a successful student, I need to create a study plan, practice time management and set realistic goals. Crea ting a study plan is a good way to complete my goals in school. Time management is also critical; setting a schedule to study will keep me on the right course. Setting realistic goals for myself that are attainable can motivate me to do better in school. Planning ahead of time will help me through my academic success.

Guggenheim Bilbao essays

Guggenheim Bilbao essays Phillip Johnson, the dean of American architects called Guggenheim Museum Bilbao the greatest building of our century. Designed by Frank O. Gehry, this sprawling, organic plan resembles a living organism, like some gigantic metallic flower growing along the bank of a river. This unique Museum built on a 32,500 square meter site in the center of Bilbao represents an amazing construction feat. On one side it runs down to the waterside of the Nervin River, 16 meters below the level of the rest of the city of Bilbao. One end is pierced through by the huge Puente de La Salve, one of the main access routes into the city. It is a truly divine architectural achievement of the century. Concepts of architecture for arts sake, todays museum buildings are not only storage for art pieces, but the building itself is an element of art. The choice of Bilbao as the venue for one of the Guggenheim European centers is best understood in the context of the initiatives implemented by the Basque authorities as a contribution to the process of revitalizing the Basque Country's recession-plagued economic structure. These initiatives were also seen as a means of increasing the chances of the city's metropolitan area becoming the major reference point for European regions on the Atlantic seaboard The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is one of the most important ingredients in the plan to redevelop the city of Bilbao. The plan, involving a number of major projects conceived by some of the world's most prestigious architects, includes the work now in progress to increase operational capacity at the city's port, the restoring of the city's airport, a mission entrusted to Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, a new Conference and Performing Arts Center, designed by Federico Soriano, the construction of a metropolitan railway - much of it underground - designed by Sir Norman Foster, and a new footbridge crossing the river a...

The 1800s and the Native American Plains Indians essays

The 1800s and the Native American Plains Indians essays In the latter half of the 19th century, the United States government began to take actions that would ultimately limit the presence and culture of Native Americans in the Great Plains region. These government actions were often corrupt in how they prompted mistreatment of the Plains Indians while serving as advantageous for Americans. New inhabitants of the Plains region viewed the land as a resource for production and thus adopted a selfish approach in which the landscape would be used for commercial purposes only. Consequently, the Plains Indians were often abused and taken advantage of. Simultaneously, at a time when agricultural development was evolving, technological developments helped drive the Native Americans back. New advancements in technology, such as the Transcontinental Railroad, promoted settlement in the Great Plains region. Thus, the encroachment of Indian land became habitual for newcomers. In one way or another, both technology and government actions led to the ultimate downfall of Native American culture and society in the Great Plains. Likewise, the lives of the Great Plains Indians would forever be transformed. The Transcontinental Railroad, completed in 1869, wielded tremendous economic and political power throughout the West. Moreover, the rapid settlement of the West could not have taken place without the railroad. More than 2 million Europeans, many recruited by professional promoters, settled the Great Plains between 1870 and 1900. Along with providing transportation links between the East and the West and potential markets as distant as China, the Western railroads directly encouraged settlement. While this would make trade and communication more efficient, it was bad news for the Native Americans. The Plain Indians knew that the institution of the railroad would bring white settlers to the Plains and would result in the encroachment of their land. The railroad essentially changed the land. Its construct...

Innovation Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation Report - Essay Example Perhaps the most widely accepted definition is provided by Michael Vance, according to him â€Å"Innovation is the creation of the new or the re-arranging of the old in a new way†. Most of the products, services or processes that are considered to be innovative are often found to be either ideas or thoughts of others or rework of already existing products, services or processes (Sarkar, 2007). According to Peter Drucker innovation is perceptual as well as conceptual in nature. Therefore innovation necessitates an attitude to go out and look, ask and listen. Successful innovators are found to be using both left and right sides of their brains. In order to make the innovation process effective, the focus must be simple but intense. Most of the effective innovations are found to be exceptionally simple. (Drucker, 2003). This paper is on iPhone, an innovative product, which has taken the generation by its stride. It presents a comparative study of the major drivers of innovation and their role in the innovation process. It also scrutinizes those factors that hinder the innovation process. A study of various theories has been applied to find out the possible challenges faced by the company while developing this innovative product. The paper also includes a critical evaluation of the role of knowledge, design and creativity in the process of making an innovative product. In today’s competitive business environment, innovation is the key to success for any organization. Over the past century most of the business organizations had focused only on continual improvement of the products and services in order to gain competitive advantage. However According to Jim Clifton, CEO and chairman of Gallup Management, such approach is not enough in the current state of economy. According to him today’s organizations must come up with completely new ideas rather than marginally better ones. This was exactly what Apple did over the past few years. The company kept on innovating

Risk in the Theme Park Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk in the Theme Park Industry - Essay Example According to Lukas, accidents and deaths are the most closely monitored risk despite the statistical fact that economic concerns and poor weather affect business more frequently. (2005) However, when accidents or deaths do occur, there are several direct consequences. First, the park is often closed during the process of an investigation. In addition to the lost ticket sales during that timeframe, the public perception of danger is increased. "The mere perception of an unsafe ride can affect park attendance, while accidents and deaths can result in park closure and decline in ticket sales." (Lukas, 2005) Statistically, the risk is minimal. In 2003, there were only 78 ride-related injuries which resulted in an overnight hospital stay. (Banay, 2005) Nevertheless, the costs are high when accidents do occur. Insurance underwriters are very concerned with safety, and the cost of insurance is dictated by safety records. While patrons of amusement parks are seeking danger and thrills, park management must balance these desires with the risk of increasing insurance rates. Still, the cost of bad publicity is the highest cost resulting from this statistically insignificant risk to the industry. Terrorism, despite occurring far less frequently than accidents, is considered to be a greater risk to the industry. While the publicity surrounding accidents generally affects one park, or perhaps one family of parks, the effect of terrorist activity is industry-wide. "After an incident of civil unrest, natural disaster, or terrorism, there is an immediate 30% downward spike in the perception of safety at such public locations." (Banay, 2005) She reports that the resultant decline in theme park attendance continues as much as three years after a major terrorist episode. According to sources cited by Debora Vrana in her article for the LA Times, visits to theme parks worldwide were down by 1.5% in 2003. (2004) This decline was attributed to terrorism in addition to poor weather and a poor economy. Under current terrorism threat conditions, the cost to the industry is potentially high, and the US government currently classifies the risk of another strike as moderate to high. Unfortun ately, due to the large crowds that gather at these establishments, they are considered to be a potential target. The specific consequence of that risk appears to be a long-standing decline in park attendance stemming from a decrease in the public perception of safety.A panel of industry insiders gathered in 2002 to discuss the impact of 9/11 on theme park attendance and revenues. Of note, their conclusions did not identify terrorism as the greatest risk. Rather, they concluded, "at this point, it is the soft economy that is really putting a crimp on vacation plans." (Levine, 2002) Like other businesses within the travel and tourism industry, theme parks rely on patrons to spend their discretionary income. When the economy is poor, fewer people are spending, and those who are spending frequently spend less. "Road blocks in the form of war in Iraq, SARS, a stagnant economy, and currency rates have impacted the amusement industry." (Banay, 2005) Currency rates are known to affect the rates of international travel, and those parks which attract an international audience are subject to those effects as well. The risk comes in

Hybrid Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Solution for the Lesley Case Study

Hybrid Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Solution for the Lesley Stowe Fine Foods - Case Study Example Through Hybrid strategies, LSSF can specifically alter implementation of the ERP system to meet its needs like the need to fulfill business processes and functions like production, order fulfillment, exception handling, and material management (Compeau & Scott, 2013). The hybrid strategies would have a positive effect on the firm performance only if there are suitable arrangements in the organization to solve tension that may arise from the hybrid strategies. Failure to have the suitable arrangements in the organization, then the strategies would negatively affect the organization’s performance. SaaS applications seldom function as stand-alone applications because organizations have SaaS for CRM, SaaS for HR and in-house analytic hardware with most of the information fed to ERP system within an organization’s data center. However, enabled processes allow secure flow of information among these systems (Leon, 2008). Therefore, the ERP system LSSF requires is a hybrid since it is characterized by various information systems for different business functions. The requirements for the ERP system for the business describe a hybrid ERP cloud since resources use many delivery options that link to each other and not all of them are managed by the business. Nevertheless, the applications need to somehow work together in order to provide the organization business value.

Technologies vs Traditional Skill Essay Example for Free

Technologies vs Traditional Skill Essay The traditional skills seems to be forgotten and dying due to the betterment of technology. The enhancement of technology improves the quality of life in the aspect of education, medication, and communication. The advantages of the improvement of technology can be seen in the field of education. The advancement in technology helps the students in their learning. The use of technology like projector in class makes the learning fun and easy to be understood by the students. In some schools, they use e-learning as a medium for the students to easily accessed to their teachers and learning. Now, a teacher does not need to use chalk and wasting their energy to write on the blackboard. Another contribution of the development of technology is in the aspect of medication. The body of a person can easily be analyzed by using the x-ray technology, microscope, scanners and many others. The revolutionized medicines and surgical tools make the treatment and surgery become less painful. The treatments become more efficient and many health problems can be cured easily. Lastly, communication is no longer limited because of the development of technology. In the past, people wrote and sent information through letter and telegram, which requires a long time to be received by the receiver. But now, information can be sent and received just by a click. Whether it is emergency services, friends, family or work related issues; we now have cell phones, PDA’s, email, and other ways of electronically transferring information we need to communicate for whatever reason. To sum up, there is no need to retain the traditional methods as the advanced technologies have already made the life ultimately easier.

Nature of Logic Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Logic Thinking Essay

Nature of Logic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of logic and critical thinking go hand in hand. A person must use logic during the critical thinking process. However, each person’s logic may depend on his/her perceptual process or their perceptual barriers. No person can ever fully understand their own perceptual process in its entirety. The reason being is that no person knows all of their perceptual barriers. Without knowing all of the barriers, how is a person able to determine the process in which they perceive things? While a person may know or assume some of their perceptual barriers, some of their perceptual barriers will never be uncovered because they may not know they even exist. They may not even know that they exist because the perceptual barrier is so strong that it will never be known to them, that it, in fact, is a barrier at all. This alone could be a potential barrier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from not being able to identify all of a person’s perceptual barriers, each situation that comes about where a critical thinking process may be utilized can call for a different process. For example, a person may use an entirely different perceptual process while at their place of employment than they would in their home. Even then a person may utilize a different process depending on the situations that occur on any given day. However, the way we think can be determined by the way we were raised and the way we currently are living. Many factors come into play that can cause percept...

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Essay

Human Resource Management (HRM) is defined as the organizational function that focuses on recruiting, management, and the directing of the employees that work in the organization. It also deals with compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. Even though the HR functions evolved, some things never change. Since most companies will always need the traditional HR functions such as hiring and firing employees, providing pay and benefits packages, training and developing the workforce, and dealing with employer – employee conflicts. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a concept defined as the set of additional activities that are beneficial to an organization and its employees. These activities are not required in a formal way; that is, they are not stated in a contract nor required by the company. OCB is commonly a behavior of employees towards their company and vice versa. It is clear that the organization’s HRM plays a vital role in implementing OCB through creating a well-established relationship between the organization and the employees. Rousseau and Geller argued that this relationship’s status is critical in the amount of OCB produced by employees where the company must deliver first a few requirements. (cited in Morrison, 1996). Schuller states that each company’s HRM has a set of principles and values that are integrated in its overall philosophy, which includes a respectful treatment of its employees (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchison, and Sowa, how effective is an organization in applying that philosophy is related towards how much the employees feel appreciated in their work place and therefore related to the amount of OCB displayed (cited in Morrison, 1996). OCB is present in all companies and can be considered a cycle. In fact, the HR department encourages OCB through several actions, which pave the way to creating a healthy organizational culture where the company protects its employees who are devoted to their company. This report will discuss OCB in Middle East Airlines (MEA) by taking a closer look at the employee – company relationship and the company – employee relationship. Literature Review on Organization Citizenship Behavior How Companies Encourage OCB In order for employees to work on achieving OCB, the human resource management has to work on some issues to help encourage each individual to participate in developing the company. The management must ensure that several things should be well done: Social Exchange, ldentification with Organizational Objectives, Empowerment, Selection and Socialization, Evaluation and Rewards, Rules and Job Descriptions. In an organization, Blau identified two types of relationships that tie the management and the employees together: the economic relationship and the social relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Konovsky and Pugh’ analysis states that it is more likely for employees to perform OCB under good social conditions than economic (cited in Morrison, 1996). Organ claims that this fact is due to several reasons: First, social relationships allow employees to have feelings of mutual trust with the organization and they will build long-term relationships with the management. This will encourage employees to help enhance the image of their company by practicing OCB. Second, the social relationship is one that is ambiguously defined, that is it does not have clear boundaries; therefore employees will more likely include certain citizenship acts in their job tasks (cited in Morrison, 1996). The identification of the employees with the organizational objectives is crucial for achieving OCB. That is because each individual will adopt and familiarize with the values and principles of the company, and hence become a part of its system, which will give a feeling of belonging and an encouragement for being part of the progress of the company. For employees to achieve OCB, Conger and Kanungo believe that they must be first willing to do so, and that is by being encouraged and empowered (cited in Morrison, 1996). Bowen and Lawler claim that many benefits are generated as a result of empowerment. First, it will shorten the time of response of employees to serve their customers. Second, the relationship between the employees and the customers will be more enthusiastic and kind. Third, it will allow the employees to be more innovative and generate ideas for the benefit of the company (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is the first phase of the entrance of an employee into a company. During this stage, Shore and Tetrick claim that each individual becomes aware of the job responsibilities in his field. Also, it is through this stage that the company indicates to the employee the responsibilities that the company has towards him as well, such as security, progress and training; hence it identifies a two-way relationship. This will lead to a feeling of respect and interest from the other party, which will lead to employees achieving OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). Selection is also important in what is referred to by Chatman as person-organization fit: by learning about the organization’s objectives, the employee becomes aware that he or she will be chosen not solely for their job qualification, but for their compatibility with the work environment as well (cited in Morrison, 1996). Socialization as defined by Van Maanen and Schein is when the company prepares the new employees with the set of knowledge, approaches, and behaviors that they should apply in order to fit into their roles (cited in Morrison, 1996). Similar to selection, socialization is about showing the new employee that the relationship with the organization is based on social exchange. This can be clarified through such processes as orientation that holds within it more value than it shows. Chatman claims that socialization also familiarizes the employees with the company’s objectives and values not to mention that it plays a vital part in the empowerment process. (cited in Morrison, 1996). There are two extremes stated by Jones in applying socialization. The first is a highly institutionalized one where the new employees are separated and offered a common learning program. The second end is highly individualized, where employees are left on their own to engage in informal relationships with their fellow employees and to have self-learning experiences. There is however one disadvantage to socialization: when the objectives are clearly defined for employees, they tend to perform solely what they were expected to (cited in Morrison, 1996). Therefore, a company that seeks employee OCB will tend to have a more individualized socialization. OCB by definition includes the set of actions performed by employees that are not asked by management, therefore it is not directly rewarded. Thus, to encourage employees into applying this behavior, O’Reilly and Chatman believe that the company should employ indirect means that will encourage them to do so. That can be done by giving a reward to the organization’s performance as a whole. This will be helpful in two ways: first, it will further familiarize the employees with the company’s objectives and this way they will tend to act more upon achieving those goals through citizenship behavior. Second, by giving an award for the entire company’s performance, the organization will indirectly inform the employees that their job goes beyond what is clearly specified and limited into a certain role or department (cited in Morrison, 1996). According to Bowen, Siehl, and Schneider, when the company imposes a high number of rules and regulation, it is limiting and discouraging the employees’ ability to perform tasks outside their field of work, therefore limiting the OCB that can be achieved in that organization. A high number of rules will clearly define the limits of the economic exchange relationship between the employees and their company which will diminish their will to achieve OCB by determining exactly what the employees are asked to do and not to do and preventing them from engaging in any other action that is indirectly rewarded even if it benefits the company as a whole. Hence, in order for employees to want to perform citizenship behavior, the company must reduce its rules and thus create a social exchange relationship (cited in Morrison, 1996). Like rules and regulations, if a company describes the employees’ job in a very precise and narrow matter, it will reduce according to Bowen and Lawler the citizenship behavior applied by its subordinates. Employees will then have extremely well defined tasks to perform with no regard to any other company-wide actions. That way the exchange relationship between employee and company will more likely to be economic, not to mention that it reduces empowerment by limiting the resources needed by employees such as knowledge and skills to taking action towards OCB (cited in Morrison, 1996). How Employees Exercise OCB: To achieve organizational citizenship behavior, employees must practice different means. First, as Organ defines it, helping behavior is critical and evident in creating inter-employee relationships. Such behavior can be noted in the simplest acts such as when an employee assists his co-worker when the latter is overstrained with his paperwork or any other task being done. Second, according to Organ as well, sportsmanship, another dimension of OCB, is the ability to accept criticism and unfortunate events in the company without complaints, verbal or written. Consider a meeting for a marketing idea where employees are brainstorming. When the group rejects someone’s idea and the latter accepts that without being offended, he/she is considered to have a sense of sportsmanship. Third, organizational loyalty is a major concept when it comes to having a constructive organizational culture. This is evident whereby when employees are loyal to their company, they would feel safer and more content about the workplace and the organization’s culture. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Individual initiative, a fourth aspect of OCB, is represented in taking on additional responsibilities and engaging in task-improving actions without being asked to do so. This also includes encouraging others to do so, which helps the company as a whole improve. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) An example is when an employee suggests to adopt a new method of performing a task, which he/she knows will improve the way things s done. Related to this is self-development, which is yet another dimension of OCB. According to George and Brief, self-development pertains to voluntarily engaging in development courses that are not required from the company in the attempt of improving one’s skills and broadening one’s knowledge. (Cited in Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) For instance, an employee could learn about upcoming seminars and training sessions and inform his colleagues of their dates. A different aspect of OCB is civic virtue, which can be defined as a commitment to the organization as a whole. This takes place through engaging in governing the organization indirectly, looking out for its best interest, and protecting it from threats. (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) A simple example of this is turning off the lights after having used the restroom. Similar to this is organizational compliance, the last dimension of OCB, which is when an employee complies with the company rules and regulations whether or not the latter is being monitored. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Returning to work right after having finished the permitted lunch break is an example of organizational compliance. It is crucial to note that all these behavioral aspects of organizational citizenship behavior are not part of the work contract or job description. Factors that diminish OCB: Several factors antecede and affect organizational citizenship behavior. Such factors can be set into four basic categories: employee characteristics, organizational characteristics, task characteristics, and leadership behaviors. The influence of these categories on OCB can be either positive or negative. It is evident that OCB is present in all companies, whether on a noticeable scale or an imperceptible one. This report will be depicting the negative relations between OCB and its antecedents, whereby, according to studies done in a meta-analysis by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, and Bachrach, it has been found that organizational and task characteristics have little impact on OCB relative to individual and leadership behaviors which have greater impact on OCB. Employee or individual characteristics affect the presence of OCB and how much the latter contributes to building a constructive organizational culture. Taking two extremes, one can consider an employee who is indifferent of his/her company’s interest. The latter would surely not engage in activities pertaining to civic virtue, thus not exercising good citizenship behavior. The other extreme is an employee who is very concerned about the company’s interest and always seeks to attain goals that hold the company’s benefit. Such employee is more likely to be engaged in the different dimensions of citizenship behavior. To go back to the bigger image, an employee’s characteristics help in determining how well OCB is exercised in an organization. Indeed, it is found that the existence of OCB increases with the increase of employee loyalty and concern to the organization, and decreases with indifference to the greater benefit of the company and the rewards granted for good citizenship behavior. Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine, & Bachrach, 2000) Leadership behaviors are quite correlated to the presence of citizenship behavior in an organization. According to another meta-analysis reported by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Bommer in 1996, leadership behaviors are mostly positively related to OCB, whereby most leaders reward citizenship behavior within performance in general, which increases such behavior in the company as employees are aware of such rewards. The only negative leadership behaviors are contingent and non-contingent punishment behavior as well as leader specification of procedures. This is due to the fact that employees feel confused as to why leaders perform contingent punishment, thereby decreasing their citizenship behavior. Non-contingent punishment is a discouraging factor by itself, which makes it obvious why it negatively affects OCB in an organization.