Criminal Justice Masters Program Comprehensive Exam Essay

Criminal Justice Masters Program Comprehensive Exam - Essay usageIt is also otherwise referred to as ownership or proprietas (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). This indicates that even in the earliest versions of law in the West, it is recognized that a person has the right to protect and defend his dominium his family, his property, and his well-being from external aggression that harms or threatens to harm it. The right of self-defense is claimed by the assaulter or defendant charged with a uncivilised crime. Some of these crimes include battery (striking someone against his or her will), assault with a deadly weapon, assault with engrossed to commit serious bodily injury, manslaughter, and first or second degree murder (Bergman & Berman, 2009, p. 314). Self-defense is a justifying circumstance. It is an affirmative defense in that it justifies the use or threat of force exerted by an individual when he or she believes that there is a risk of infection of an impendent, immedi ate, and unlawful infliction of serious bodily harm or death (Lippman, 2010, p. 216). A criminal act, such as a homicide, is justified when it is resorted to in order to hold back a greater, imminent, and immediate harm, when there are no other equall(a)y effective alternatives possible. The court quoted all homicide is malicious, and of course, amounts to murder, unless justified by the command or permission of the law excused on the account of fortuity or self-preservation or alleviated into manslaughter, by being the involuntary consequence of some act not strictly lawful or (if voluntary) occasioned by some sudden and sufficiently violent provocation (Blackstone, 1854, p. 201 in U.S. v Peterson, par. 14). In the modern application of the law, much of Blackstones commentaries are still relevant, although jurisprudence has enumerated the requisites that project a claim of self-defense. These are that the defendant (1) must not have provoked or been the aggressor in the assault (2) must have reasonable grounds for the belief that he is faced with imminent danger of serious bodily injury (3) must not use more force than that which appears more or less necessary and (4) must do everything in his power consistent with his own safety to avoid the danger and must retreat if retreat is practicable (Lippman, 2010, p. 222). A special case when self-defense cannot be resorted to as a defense is when the accused invoking it is the very person who instigated or provoked the aggressive act. What this exactly performer can only be explained by a perusal of case law where the principle was use with varying premises and results. Case Law United States v. Thomas, 34 F2. 44 (1994, 2nd Cir) The case refer the fatal go againsting of Wallie Howard, a Syracuse police officer who worked undercover for the Federal Drug Enforcement brass instrument (DEA) during a buy-bust operation on 30 October 1990. In this instance, the suspected cocaine dealers decided to likewise cabba ge Howard, who was seated in the front passenger seat of a car. The perpetrators, Stewart and Lawrence, were each armed with .22 and .357 revolvers. Stewart tried to shoot Howard but failed because there was no bullet in the chamber. Howard gets off a shot and hits Stewart in the shoulder. Lawrence, rest at the rear passenger side of the car, shot at Howard, striking the rear of his head and forthwith killing him. The two were arrested minutes later. The defendants, Lawrence and Stewart, claimed self-defense in that Howard was the first to draw his gun, and Lawrence believed that Howard